What is swimmer's ear?
This condition, known also by the clinical term otitis externa, can cause intense discomfort and even complications if it is not treated properly.
With the arrival of nice weather and the season for bathing in swimming pools, rivers and beaches, cases of what is known as swimmer's ear are multiplying. Although its name may sound harmless, this condition, known by the clinical term otitis externa, can cause intense discomfort and even complications if not treated properly.
It affects both children and adults, and occurs when the ear canal becomes inflamed, usually due to the presence of water, bacteria or even chemicals after prolonged exposure to water. The good news is that it is a problem that, in most cases, can be easily prevented if the causes are known and basic protective measures are taken.
What is swimmer's ear and how does it present?
Swimmer's ear is an inflammation of the external auditory canal, the tube that connects the outside of the ear to the eardrum. It is often caused by residual moisture after swimming or showering, creating an environment conducive to bacterial or fungal growth. Friction caused by swabbing or scratching the ear can also facilitate the entry of microorganisms.
The main symptoms of swimmer's ear include itchy ears, a feeling of obstruction, redness, pain - which may be made worse by touching the pinna or chewing - and, in some cases, fluid discharge. If left untreated, the infection can progress into the middle ear or even spread to nearby tissues, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.
According to the European Academy of Otology and Neurotology (EAONO), otitis externa is one of the most common causes of ENT visits in summer, especially among frequent swimmers, children and teenagers. In most cases, there are bacterial infections involved - mainly Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus - but it may also be caused by fungi in more humid or tropical environments.
Risk factors and situations that make swimmer's ear more likely
Although anyone can develop this condition, there are some factors that significantly increase the risk of swimmer's ear.
- The most obvious is ongoing exposure to water, especially from poorly treated pools or standing water. Prolonged use of earphones or earplugs, which can retain moisture, also encourages the development of swimmer's ear.
- Another aspect is excessive hygiene. Cleaning the ears with cotton buds or similar objects can damage the skin in the ear canal and remove natural earwax, which acts as a protective barrier against infection.
- Similarly, suffering from dermatitis, eczema or psoriasis can compromise the integrity of the skin in the ear canal and make it more vulnerable.
A study published by the World Health Organization (WHO) on hearing health confirms that ongoing moisture and skin lesions in the ear are frequent triggers of otitis externa, especially in hot and humid climates or in contexts with poor hygienic conditions.
Treatments: how to relieve symptoms
Treatment of swimmer's ear depends on the severity of the symptoms and whether the infection is bacterial or fungal. In mild cases, it may be enough to just dry the ear thoroughly, avoid further exposure to water and apply antiseptic eardrops. However, most cases require the use of antibiotic drops, which are often combined with corticosteroids to reduce inflammation.
In more serious situations, when there is severe pain, fever or complications, the doctor may prescribe oral painkillersand even systemic antibiotics. It is important not to self-medicate or use homemade drops without professional advice, as some products can damage the eardrum if it has been previously punctured.
Specialists also recommend avoiding the use of earphones or earplugs during treatment and not inserting objects into the ear canal that might irritate it further. In certain cases, drainage or specific prophylactic measures may be considered under medical supervision.
Prevention: how to protect our ears from the water
The best strategy against swimmer's ear is prevention. A few simple habits can make a difference and prevent weeks of discomfort. These include drying your ears thoroughly after swimming (by tilting your head to make it easier to get out all the water), using clean, soft towels, and avoiding unnecessary use of cotton buds.
For regular swimmers, the use of earplugs specifically designed to prevent water ingress can be an effective measure, provided they are used correctly and kept clean. It is also advisable to avoid swimming in contaminated water and showering afterwards.
